The 3 Verb Groups
Don't memorize random lists of verbs. Memorize how to classify them instantly, because every conjugation depends on it. Learn these 3 groups like Pokémon: Fire 🔥, Water 💧, and Grass 🌿.
Group 1 — U-verbs / Godan (ごだん)
だい1グループ — ごだんどうし
They end in -u (but not -ru). The final consonant changes across the 5 vowels (a-i-u-e-o), which is why they are called "five-step" (ごだん godan).
ハナス
hanasu — to speak
キク
kiku — to listen / to ask
ノム
nomu — to drink
カク
kaku — to write
オヨグ
oyogu — to swim
The last kana moves through the 5 vowels: の-ま / の-み / の-む / の-め / の-も.
PRESENT / FUTURE
nomu
nomimasu
nomanai
nomimasen
PAST
nonda
nomimashita
nomanakatta
nomimasen deshita
TE-FORM / ~ている
nonde
nomanakute
nonde iru
POTENTIAL / VOLITIONAL
nomeru
nomenai
nomou
PASSIVE / CAUSATIVE / IMPERATIVE
nomareru
nomaseru
nome
CONDITIONAL
nomeba
nomanakereba
Group 2 — Ru-verbs / Ichidan (いちだん)
だい2グループ — いちだんどうし
They end in -eru or -iru. The root never changes: just remove る and add the ending. That is why they are "one-step" (いちだん ichidan).
タベル
taberu — to eat
ミル
miru — to see
オキル
okiru — to wake up
オシエル
oshieru — to teach
ネル
neru — to sleep
Always the same recipe: drop る from たべる → root たべ, then add the ending.
PRESENT / FUTURE
taberu
tabemasu
tabenai
tabemasen
PAST
tabeta
tabemashita
tabenakatta
tabemasen deshita
TE-FORM / ~ている
tabete
tabenakute
tabete iru
POTENTIAL / VOLITIONAL
taberareru
taberarenai
tabeyou
PASSIVE / CAUSATIVE / IMPERATIVE
taberareru
tabesaseru
tabero
CONDITIONAL
tabereba
tabenakereba
Group 3 — Irregular verbs (only 2)
だい3グループ — ふきそくどうし(2つだけ)
They do not follow any rule. Memorize these two like your bank password!
スル
suru — to do
クル
kuru — to come
The root itself changes: し / さ / せ. Pure memorization.
PRESENT / FUTURE
suru
shimasu
shinai
shimasen
PAST
shita
shimashita
shinakatta
shimasen deshita
TE-FORM / ~ている
shite
shinakute
shite iru
POTENTIAL / VOLITIONAL
dekiru
dekinai
shiyou
PASSIVE / CAUSATIVE / IMPERATIVE
sareru
saseru
shiro
CONDITIONAL
sureba
shinakereba
The vowel of the first kana changes: く / き / こ.
PRESENT / FUTURE
kuru
kimasu
konai
kimasen
PAST
kita
kimashita
konakatta
kimasen deshita
TE-FORM / ~ている
kite
konakute
kite iru
POTENTIAL / VOLITIONAL
korareru
korarenai
koyou
PASSIVE / CAUSATIVE / IMPERATIVE
korareru
kosaseru
koi
CONDITIONAL
kureba
konakereba
⚠️ Watch out: the tricky -eru / -iru verbs
Some verbs end in -eru or -iru but are actually Godan. You need to memorize them:
カエル
kaeru — to return home
ハシル
hashiru — to run
ハイル
hairu — to enter